Aliquot may refer to:
- Aliquot in chemistry, a portion of a total amount of a solution
- Aliquot in pharmaceutics, a method of measuring ingredients below the sensitivity of a scale by proportional dilution with inactive ingredients
- Aliquot part, in the Public Land Survey System, a subdivision of a section based upon an even division by distances along the edges and not by equal area
- Genome aliquoting, the problem of reconstructing an ancestral genome from the genomes of polyploid descendants
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