Origins
The Astures may have been part of the early Hallstatt expansion that left the Bavarian-Bohemian homeland and migrated into Gaul, some continuing over the mountains into Spain and Portugal. By the 6th century BC they occupied castros (hillforts) such as Coanna and Mohias near Navia on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. From the Roman point-of-view, expressed in the brief remarks of the historians Florus, epitomising Livy, and Orosius, the Astures were divided into two factions, following the natural division made by the alpine karst mountains of the Picos de Europa range: the Transmontani (located in the modern Asturias, "beyond"— that is, north of— the Picos de Europa) and Cismontani (located on the "near" side, in the modern area of León). The Transmontani, placed between the Navia River and the central massif of the Picos de Europa comprised the Cabarci, Iburri, Luggones, Paesici, Penios, Selini, Vincianos, Viromenicos, Brigaentini and Baedunenses; the Cismontani included the Amacos, Lancienses, Lougei, Tiburi, Orniacos, Supertii, Gigurri, Zoelae and Susarri which dwelled around Asturica Augusta, the main Astur town in Roman times, in the Astura river valley. Prior to the Roman conquest at the late 1st century BC, they were united into a tribal federation with the mountain-top citadel of Asturica (Astorga) as their capital.
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