Bosön

Bosön

In particle physics, bosons ( /ˈboʊsɒn/) are particles that are governed by Bose–Einstein statistics. There is a deep relationship between this property and integer spin (s = 0, 1, 2 etc.) The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac commemorative of the contribution of Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, along with Albert Einstein, in the formation of Bose–Einstein statistics—the governing theory in this case. Examples of bosons include fundamental particles (Higgs boson and the four gauge bosons of the Standard Model, and the hypothetical graviton of quantum gravity); composite particles (mesons, stable nuclei of even mass number, e.g., deuterium, helium-4, lead-208); and quasiparticles (Cooper pairs). Bosons differ significantly from a group of subatomic particles known as fermions in that there is no limit to the number that can occupy the same quantum state. This behaviour gives rise, for example, to the remarkable properties of helium-4 when it is cooled to become a superfluid.