Confederation - Historical Confederations

Historical Confederations

Historical confederations (especially those predating the 20th century) may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may be proclaimed as a federation but be confederal (or the reverse), and may not show any qualities that are today recognized as those of a confederation.

Some have more the characteristics of a personal union, but they are listed here because of their self-styling.

  • Crown of Aragon (1137–1716)
  • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (confederated personal union; 1447–1492, 1501–1569, (different governments, armies, treasuries, laws, territories with borders, citizenships; common monarch (Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland), parliament (Sejm) and currency)
  • Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1848), officially the Swiss Confederation
  • Hanseatic League
  • Kalmar Union (confederated personal union; 1397–1523; Denmark, Sweden, Norway)
  • Livonian Confederation (1435–1561)
  • Denmark–Norway (confederated personal union; 1536–1814)
  • Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581–1795)
  • Wampanoag Confederacy
  • Powhatan Confederacy
  • Illinois Confederation
  • Confederate Ireland (1641–1649)
  • New England Confederation (1643–1684)
  • Aro Confederacy, (1690–1902), in what is now Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea
  • Maratha Confederacy
  • United States of America under the Articles of Confederation (1781–1789)
  • Western Confederacy (1785–1795)
  • Pre-united Germany after the Holy Roman Empire
    • Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) had no head of state nor a government
    • German Confederation (1815–1866)
  • United Provinces of New Granada (1810–1816 in what is now Colombia)
  • Sweden–Norway (confederated personal union; 1814–1905)
  • Confederation of the Equator (1824, located in Northeast Brazil)
  • Argentine Confederation (1832–1860) (Even though the Argentine Republic can also be called Argentine Confederation nowadays)
  • Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
  • Confederation of Central America (1842–1844, El Salvador+Guatemala+Honduras+Nicaragua)
  • Granadine Confederation (1858–1863)
  • Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
  • North German Confederation (1867–1871)
  • Carlist States in Spain (1872–1876)
  • United Arab Republic (confederation de-facto; 1958–1961, Egypt+Syria; 1963, Egypt+Syria+Iraq)
  • Arab Federation (confederation de-facto; 1958, (Iraq+Jordan)
  • Union of African States (1961–1963, Mali+Ghana+Guinea)
  • Federation of Arab Republics (confederation de-facto; 1972, Egypt+Syria+Libya)
  • Arab Islamic Republic (confederation de-facto; 1974, Libya+Tunisia)
  • Senegambia (1982–1989, Senegal+Gambia)
  • Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

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