Jalalabad - History

History

See also: History of Afghanistan

In 630 AD Xuan Zang, the famous Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Jalalabad and a number of other locations nearby. The city was a major center of Gandhara's Greco-Buddhist culture in the past until it was conquered by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century. However, not everyone converted to Islam at that period as some still refused to accept it. In a book called Hudud-al-Alam, written in 982 CE, it mentions a village near Jalalabad where the local king used to have many Hindu, Muslim and Afghan wives.

The region became part of the Afghan Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century, during the Indian invasions by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Later, it was controlled by the successor Ghurids until the Mongols invaded the area. It then became part of the Timurids.

The modern city gained prominence during the reign of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. Babur had chosen the site for this city and was built by his grandson Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar in 1570. The original name of Jalalabad was Adinapur as mentioned here:

'In the following year 1505, Babar meditated an incursion into India and proceeded by Jalalabad (then called Adinapur) and the Khaibar Pass to Peshawar

In the last decade of the sixteenth century Adinapur was renamed to Jalalabad after the son of Pir Roshan, Jalala who was fighting the Mughals in the Waziristan area. It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when Nader Shah and his Afsharid forces from Khorasan came to take over control. Nader Shah was accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, who would re-conquer the area in 1747 after becoming the new ruler of the Afghans. He used the city while going back and forth during his nine military campaigns into India.

The city was invaded by Ranjit Singh and his Sikh army in the early 19th century but was quickly chased out a few days later by Afghan forces of Durrani Empire. The British forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the First Anglo-Afghan War. In the 1842 Battle of Jellalabad, Akbar Khan besieged the British troops on their way to Jalalabad. In 1878, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the British again invaded and set up camps in Jalalabad but withdrew two years later.

Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the Pashtun culture. Seraj-ul-Emarat, the residence of Amir Habibullah and King Amanullah was destroyed in 1929 when Habibullah Kalakani rose to power; the other sanctuaries however, retain vestiges of the past. The mausoleum of both rulers is enclosed by a garden facing Seraj-ul-Emart.

History of Afghanistan
Timeline
Ancient
Proto-Elamite civilization 2300–1800 BCE
Indus valley civilization 2200–1800 BCE
Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BCE
Aryans 1700–700 BCE
Median Empire 728–550 BCE
Achaemenids 550–330 BCE
Seleucids 330–150 BCE
Mauryans 305–180 BCE
Greco-Bactrians 256–125 BCE
Indo-Greeks 180–130 BCE
Indo-Scythians (Sakas) 155–80? BCE
Indo-Parthians 20 BCE – 50? CE
Kushans 135 BCE – 248 CE
Sassanids 230–565
Indo-Sassanids 248–410
Kidarites 320–465
Hephthalites 410–557
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Medieval
Rashidun Caliphate 642–641
Umayyads 661–750
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Seljukids 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1077–1231
Ghorids 1149–1212
Ilkhanate 1258–1353
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1506
Arghun 1479–1522
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Modern
Hotaki dynasty 1709–1738
Afsharids 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1826
Emirate 1826–1919
Kingdom 1919–1973
Republic 1973–1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Islamic State 1992–2001
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
Islamic Republic 2001–
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From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for the pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. It fell to the Mujahideen in 1992 when they were on their way to capture Kabul. It was conquered by the Taliban and became part of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in the mid 1990s. During Operation Enduring Freedom after the September 11 attacks in the United States, the city was invaded and fell to US-backed Afghan forces.

Since late 2001, the military of Afghanistan and the United States armed forces have established a number of bases, with the one at Jalalabad Airport being the largest. The Afghan National Police is in control of security while the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) also has a heavy presence in and around the city. In early 2011, the U.S. Embassy in Kabul announced that it plans to establish a consulate in Jalalabad. As is the case with other Afghan cities, occasional suicide attacks by militants have taken place in recent years.

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