A jirga (occasionally jargah) (Pashto: جرګه) is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus, particularly among the Pashtun people but also in other ethnic groups near them; they are most common in Afghanistan and among the Pashtuns in Pakistan near its border with Afghanistan. It is similar to that of a town meeting in the United States or a regional assembly in England, where important regional matters are addressed among the people of the area.
Afghanistan's ancient culture has influenced the modern-day nation with judicial traditions of social and political importance. Particularly prevalent is the tradition of holding Jirga. The basis for Jirga is the Holy Quran which commands Muslims to Shura (consultation), however this political gathering stems back from times prior to Afghanistan embracing Islam. As has been practiced in Afghanistan for centuries, Loya Jirga is held when there is an issue of special importance concerning the community’s vital national and international interests. Jirga is a process of decision-making within the Afghan societies in which serious discussions decisions are made by involving all layers of the society. It is an unprejudiced and impartial body that takes decisions based on facts and logic. Indeed, evolution of political systems in different countries demonstrates that governments and institutions are built as a result of local gatherings and councils. Therefore, it is proclaimed that Jirga is an important political pillar of the civil system practiced and evolved in Afghan societies for many years.
In Jirga's comprehensive collective discussion and examination of the issues enable in-depth understanding, development and formulation of a common view or consensus that leads to a cohesive approach dealing with the concerning issue. This traditional process of mutual consultation also assists developing a commitment shared by the community to implement the resolution that has been resolved. In the presence of a proper mechanism and the way Jirgas are held, the consequent broad-based understanding and the consensus reached facilitate to surmount fundamental issues threatening the Afghan Society.
The head of the state - in the pasts Kings - calls a Jirga by inviting the tribal leaders, scholars, professionals and prominent religious figures to take part in the process of dialogues and decision makings. Through a process of collective and deliberative consultation, the issue under consideration gets thoroughly examined and discussed by the Jirga members. Overall, a Jirga principally undertakes the following essential procedures.
General Procedures of a Jirga;
- By observing the need for a Jirga the head of the state invites tribal leaders, Afghan representatives, scholars, religious clergies, and governmental individuals to attend the Jirga
- The Jirga agrees on a Framework for communication with the parties involved
- The Jirga comprehensively discusses and understand the issue under-analysis
- The Jirga establishes a mechanism helping to reach the final decision
- The Jirga, finally, sets up a committee to implement and oversight the decision made by the Jirga members