Karpov may refer to:
- Anatoly Karpov (born 1951), World Chess Champion 1975-1985, 1993-1999
- Dmitriy Karpov (born 1981), an athlete from Kazakhstan
- Elena Karpova (born 1980), a basketball player
- Oleksandr Karpov (born 1990), a Ukrainian footballer
- Sergey Karpov (born 1948), a Russian historian
- Valeri Karpov (born 1971), a retired ice hockey player
- Vladimir Karpov (born 1922), soldier and writer
- Maryamah Karpov, the fourth series of Andrea Hirata's tetralogy Laskar Pelangi