Phases of Modernity
According to one of Marshall Berman's books (Berman 1982, 16–17), modernity is periodized into three conventional phases (dubbed "Early," "Classical," and "Late," respectively, by Peter Osborne (1992, 25):
- Early modernity: 1500–1789 (or 1453–1789 in traditional historiography)
- Classical modernity: 1789–1900 (corresponding to the long 19th century (1789–1914) in Hobsbawm's scheme)
- Late modernity: 1900–1989
Some authors, such as Lyotard and Baudrillard, believe that modernity ended in the mid- or late-20th century and thus have defined a period subsequent to modernity, namely Postmodernity (1930s/1950s/1990s–present). Other theorists, however, regard the period from the late 20th century to the present as merely another phase of modernity; Bauman calls this phase "Liquid" modernity, Giddens labels it "High" modernity (see descriptions of postmodernity).
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