Outline of Biology - Cellular and Molecular Biology

Cellular and Molecular Biology

• Cell biology: the cell
  • Techniques: cell culture — microscope — SEM — TEM
  • cell components:
    • organelles: Golgi apparatus — nucleus — cytoplasm — vacuole — vesicle — lysosome — peroxisome — mitochondrion — plastid — chloroplast
    • membranes: plasma membrane — endomembrane system — endoplasmic reticulum — mitochondrial membrane — chloroplast membrane
    • Other subcellular features: cell wall — pseudopod — cytoskeleton — mitotic spindle — flagellum — cilium
  • Cell processes:
    • diffusion — osmosis — isotonic — active transport — phagocytosis
    • energy pathways: fermentation — glycolysis — cellular respiration — citric acid cycle — photosynthesis — Calvin cycle
    • protein biosynthesis — ribosomes
    • cellular reproduction: cytokinesis — centromere — meiosis
    • nuclear reproduction: mitosis — interphase — prophase — metaphase — anaphase — telophase
    • programmed cell death — apoptosis — cell senescence

• Biochemistry:
  • Biomolecules:
    • Small: amino acids — Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — fats — lipids — oil — phospholipid — prion — sugar — vitamins — neurotransmitter — wax
    • Medium-sized:
      • pigments: chlorophyll — carotenoid — xanthophyll — melanin
    • Biopolymers/macromolecules
      • proteins: primary structure — secondary structure — tertiary structure — conformation — native state — protein folding — enzyme — receptor — transmembrane receptor — ion channel — membrane transporter— collagen — silk
      • DNA — RNA
      • polysaccharide: cellulose — carbohydrate — chitin — glycogen — starch
  • Biochemical mechanisms: proteolysis — cooperativity
  • Techniques: electrophoresis — His tag —affinity chromatography — x-ray diffraction — Proteomics — mass spectrometry

• Molecular biology:
  • genetic structure: DNA — DNA replication — nucleosome — genetic code — codon — transcription factor — transcription — translation — RNA — histone — telomere
  • gene expression — heterochromatin — promoter — enhancer — operon
  • mutation — point mutation — crossover — recombination —plasmid — transposon
  • molecular genetics: DNA fingerprinting — genetic fingerprint — microsatellite — gene knockout— imprinting — RNA interference
  • Genomics: computational biology — bioinformatics
  • Molecular Techniques: gel electrophoresis — transformation — PCR — PCR mutagenesis — primer — chromosome walking — RFLP — restriction enzyme — sequencing — shotgun sequencing — cloning — culture — DNA microarray

• Genetics (classical genetics) :
  • heredity — Mendelian inheritance — gene — locus — trait — allele — polymorphism — homozygote — heterozygote — hybrid — hybridization — dihybrid cross — Punnett square
  • genotype-phenotype distinction — genotype — phenotype — dominant gene — recessive gene
  • genetic interactions — Mendel's law of segregation — genetic mosaic — maternal effect — penetrance — complementation — suppression — epistasis — genetic linkage
  • chromosomal effects: chromosome — haploid — diploid — polyploidy — dosage effect — inbreeding
  • Model organisms: Drosophila — Arabidopsis — Caenorhabditis elegans — mouse — Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Escherichia coli — Lambda phage — Xenopus — chicken — zebrafish — Ciona intestinalis — amphioxus
  • Techniques: genetic screen — paternity test — linkage map — genetic map