In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, such as solids and some liquids. Often referred to as a quasiparticle, it represents an excited state in the quantum mechanical quantization of the modes of vibrations of elastic structures of interacting particles.
Phonons play a major role in many of the physical properties of solids, including a material's thermal and electrical conductivities. The study of phonons is an important part of solid state physics.
The concept of phonons was introduced in 1932 by Russian physicist Igor Tamm. The name phonon comes from the Greek word φωνή (phonē), which translates as sound or voice because long-wavelength phonons give rise to sound.
Read more about Phonon: Explanation, Lattice Dynamics, Acoustic and Optical Phonons, Crystal Momentum, Thermodynamics, Operator Formalism