Safety Issues
Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them because not only is cement highly alkaline, but the setting process is exothermic. As a result, wet cement is strongly caustic and can easily cause severe skin burns if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement powder in contact with mucous membranes can cause severe eye or respiratory irritation. Cement users should wear protective clothing.
When traditional Portland cement is mixed with water the dissolution of calcium, sodium and potassium hydroxides produces a highly alkaline solution (pH ~13): gloves, goggles and a filter mask should be used for protection, and hands should be washed after contact as most cement can cause acute ulcerative damage 8–12 hours after contact if skin is not washed promptly. The reaction of cement dust with moisture in the sinuses and lungs can also cause a chemical burn as well as headaches, fatigue, and lung cancer. The development of formulations of cement that include fast-reacting pozzolans such as silica fume as well as some slow-reacting products such as fly ash have allowed for the production of comparatively low-alkalinity cements (pH<11) that are much less toxic and which have become widely commercially available, largely replacing high-pH formulations in much of the United States. Once any cement sets, the hardened mass loses chemical reactivity and can be safely touched without gloves.
In Scandinavia, France and the UK, the level of chromium(VI), which is considered to be toxic and a major skin irritant, may not exceed 2 ppm (parts per million).
Read more about this topic: Portland Cement
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