Prokhorov (Russian: Прохоров) or Prokhorova (feminine; Прохорова), is a common Russian surname which may refer to:
- Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002), Russian physicist and Nobel Prize winner
- Aleksandr Prokhorov (footballer) (1946–2005), Soviet football player and coach
- Alexey Prokhorov (1923–2002), Soviet aircraft pilot and twice Hero of the Soviet Union
- Mikhail Prokhorov (b. 1965), Russian billionaire businessman, politician and US investor
- Nikolay Prokhorov (b. 1925), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Vasily Prokhorov (1919–1955), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Vitali Prokhorov (b. 1966), professional hockey player
- Vladimir Prokhorov (b. 1984), Russian luger
- Yelena Prokhorova (b. 1978), Russian heptathlete
- Yuri Vasilevich Prokhorov (b. 1929), Russian mathematician
- Lévy–Prokhorov metric
- Prokhorov's theorem