RAID Parity
Further information: Parity bitMany RAID levels employ an error protection scheme called "parity", a widely used method in information technology to provide fault tolerance in a given set of data. Most use the simple XOR parity described in this section, but RAID 6 uses two separate parities based respectively on addition and multiplication in a particular Galois Field or Reed-Solomon error correction.
In Boolean logic, there is an operation called exclusive or (XOR), meaning "one or the other, but not both," that is:
0 XOR 0 = 0 0 XOR 1 = 1 1 XOR 0 = 1 1 XOR 1 = 0The XOR operator is central to how parity data is created and used within an array. It is used both for the protection of data, as well as for the recovery of missing data.
As an example, consider a simple RAID made up of 6 drives (4 for data, 1 for parity, and 1 for use as a hot spare), where each drive has only a single byte worth of storage (a '-' represents a bit, the value of which doesn't matter at this point in the discussion):
Suppose the following data is written to the drives:
Drive #1: 00101010 (Data) Drive #2: 10001110 (Data) Drive #3: 11110111 (Data) Drive #4: 10110101 (Data) Drive #5: -------- (Hot Spare) Drive #6: -------- (Parity)Every time data is written to the data drives, a parity value must be calculated in order for the array to be able to recover in the event of a failure. To calculate the parity for this RAID, a bitwise XOR of each drive's data is calculated as follows, the result of which is the parity data:
00101010 XOR 10001110 XOR 11110111 XOR 10110101 = 11100110
The parity data 11100110 is then written to the dedicated parity drive:
Suppose Drive #3 fails. In order to restore the contents of Drive #3, the same XOR calculation is performed against the data of all the remaining data drives and data on the parity drive (11100110) which was stored in Drive #6:
00101010 XOR 10001110 XOR 11100110 XOR 10110101 = 11110111
The XOR operation will yield the missing data. With the complete contents of Drive #3 recovered, the data is written to the hot spare, which then acts as a member of the array and allows the group as a whole to continue operating.
Drive #1: 00101010 (Data) Drive #2: 10001110 (Data) Drive #3: --Dead-- (Data) Drive #4: 10110101 (Data) Drive #5: 11110111 (Hot Spare) Drive #6: 11100110 (Parity)At this point the failed drive has to be replaced with a working one of the same size. Depending on the implementation, the new drive becomes a new hot spare, and the old hot spare drive continues to act as a data drive of the array, or (as illustrated below) the original hot spare's contents are automatically copied to the new drive by the array controller, allowing the original hot spare to return to its original purpose. The resulting array is identical to its pre-failure state:
Drive #1: 00101010 (Data) Drive #2: 10001110 (Data) Drive #3: 11110111 (Data) Drive #4: 10110101 (Data) Drive #5: -------- (Hot Spare) Drive #6: 11100110 (Parity)This same basic XOR principle applies to parity within RAID groups regardless of capacity or number of drives. As long as there are enough drives present to allow for an XOR calculation to take place, parity can be used to recover data from any single drive failure. (A minimum of three drives must be present in order for parity to be used for fault tolerance, because the XOR operator requires two operands, and a place to store the result).
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