Robert Dudley is the name of:
- Robert Dudley alias Sutton (died 1539), MP
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (1532–1588), favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England
- Robert Dudley (explorer) (1574–1649), illegitimate son of the above
- Robert Dudley (actor) (1869–1955), American dentist and film character actor
- Bob Dudley (born 1954), former president & CEO of TNK-BP, CEO of BP effective October 1, 2010