Sterilization can refer to:
- Sterilization (microbiology), the elimination of microbiological organisms to achieve asepsis, a sterile microbial environment
- Sterilization (medicine), a medical technique that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce
- Animal sterilization, known as neutering
- Soil steam sterilization, a farming technique that sterilizes soil with steam in open fields or greenhouses
- Sterilization (economics), a term referring to central bank operations aimed at neutralizing foreign exchange operations' impact on domestic money supply and to generally offset potentially adverse consequences of large capital flows