Costs
Costs associated with “shadow education” are staggering. In Pakistan, expenditures on tutoring per child averaged the equivalent of $3.40 a month in 2011, a significant amount considering 60% of Pakistan’s populations reportedly live on less than $2 per day. In India, average spending was lower, but still equated to about $2 per month.
In Georgia, household expenditures for private tutoring at the secondary school level was $48 million in 2011. In Hong Kong, China, the business of providing private tutoring to secondary schools reached $255 million in 2011.
In India, a 2008 survey estimated the size of the private tutoring sector to be $6.4 billion. In Japan, families spent a whopping $12 billion in 2010 on private tutoring.
In the Republic of Korea, where the government has attempted to cool down the private tutoring market, shadow education costs have continually grown, reaching a staggering $17.3 billion in 2010. Household expenditures on private tutoring are equivalent to about 80% of government expenditures on public education for primary and secondary students.
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