VPs in Dependency Grammars
While phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) acknowledge both finite and non-finite VPs as constituents (= complete subtrees), dependency grammars reject the former. That is, dependency grammars acknowledge only non-finite VPs as constituents; finite VPs do not qualify as constituents in dependency grammars. For example:
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- John has finished the work.
- John has finished the work.
Since has finished the work contains the finite verb has, it is a finite VP, and since finished the work contains the non-finite verb finished but lacks a finite verb, it is a non-finite VP. Similar examples:
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- They do not want to try that.
- They do not want to try that.
- They do not want to try that.
These examples illustrate well that many clauses can contain more than one non-finite VP, but they generally contain only one finite VP. Starting with Lucien Tesnière 1959, dependency grammars challenge the validity of the initial binary division of the clause into subject (NP) and predicate (VP), which means they reject the notion that the second half of this binary division, i.e. the finite VP, is a constituent. They do, however, readily acknowledge the existence of non-finite VPs as constituents. The two competing views of verb phrases are visible in the following trees:
The constituency tree on the left shows the finite VP has finished the work as a constituent, since it corresponds to a complete subtree. The dependency tree on the right, in contrast, does not acknowledge a finite VP constituent, since there is no complete subtree there that corresponds to has finished the work. Note that the analyses agree concerning the non-finite VP finished the work; both see it as a constituent (= complete subtree).
Dependency grammars point to the results of many standard constituency tests to back up their stance. For instance, topicalization, pseudoclefting, and answer ellipsis suggest that non-finite VP does, but finite VP does not, exist as a constituent:
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- *...and has finished the work, John.
- *What John has done is has finished the work.
- What has John done? - *Has finished the work.
- *...and has finished the work, John.
The * indicates that the sentence is bad. These data must be compared to the results for non-finite VP:
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- ...and finished the work, John (certainly) has.
- What John has done is finished the work.
- What has John done? - Finished the work.
- ...and finished the work, John (certainly) has.
The strings in bold are the ones in focus. Attempts to in some sense isolate the finite VP fail, but the same attempts with the non-finite VP succeed.
Read more about this topic: Verb Phrase
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